雷電的形成
雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)夏季降(jiang)水(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)中常見的(de)(de)(de)一種自然現(xian)(xian)象(xiang),雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)其(qi)實(shi)就是(shi)(shi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang),是(shi)(shi)瞬(shun)間放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)。雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)空(kong)氣團(tuan)(tuan)帶著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)正負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)互相中和的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。空(kong)氣團(tuan)(tuan)帶著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)一般是(shi)(shi)比較均(jun)勻的(de)(de)(de),既具(ju)有很(hen)多獨立(li)的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he),又具(ju)有很(hen)多獨立(li)的(de)(de)(de)正電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he),正負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)總(zong)量類似,空(kong)氣團(tuan)(tuan)整體保持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)中性。
空氣(qi)團(tuan)(tuan)的劇烈(lie)運動,空氣(qi)彼此摩擦(ca),估計可能會(hui)(hui)促使更多(duo)的空氣(qi)分子被(bei)電(dian)(dian)離(li)。此時空氣(qi)團(tuan)(tuan)含有的獨立的正(zheng)、負(fu)電(dian)(dian)荷,會(hui)(hui)比平常(chang)多(duo)許多(duo)。大部分空氣(qi)團(tuan)(tuan)仍(reng)然整體保持電(dian)(dian)的中性。從整體概率上看,正(zheng)、負(fu)電(dian)(dian)荷散布會(hui)(hui)比較均勻,根(gen)據(ju)概率的漲(zhang)落現象(xiang)原理,正(zheng)、負(fu)電(dian)(dian)荷局(ju)部散布不(bu)均勻也是正(zheng)常(chang)現象(xiang)。
漲落現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)原理(li)導致局(ju)(ju)部(bu)正、負(fu)電(dian)荷散布不均衡,使局(ju)(ju)部(bu)空(kong)氣(qi)出(chu)現(xian)正電(dian)或(huo)負(fu)電(dian)。局(ju)(ju)部(bu)空(kong)氣(qi)出(chu)現(xian)正電(dian)或(huo)負(fu)電(dian),其發出(chu)的電(dian)力線會(hui)影響空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)獨立的正、負(fu)電(dian)荷,使其出(chu)現(xian)有規律的運(yun)動(dong)。結果(guo)是空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)的正、負(fu)電(dian)荷會(hui)更加傾向(xiang)于散布不均衡。這進(jin)一步放(fang)大了概率漲落現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)導致的空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)正、負(fu)電(dian)荷散布不均衡現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang),使正、負(fu)電(dian)荷散布不均衡現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)較(jiao)為(wei)遍及(ji)。
正、負電(dian)(dian)荷散布不(bu)均衡(heng),并不(bu)必(bi)然會(hui)導致彼(bi)此(ci)(ci)中(zhong)和的(de)(de)劇烈放電(dian)(dian)現象(xiang),如果(guo)空(kong)氣(qi)運動平緩(huan),空(kong)氣(qi)運動不(bu)劇烈,帶(dai)著不(bu)同(tong)電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)團會(hui)逐漸彼(bi)此(ci)(ci)緩(huan)慢混合,其(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)粒(li)子也許會(hui)彼(bi)此(ci)(ci)中(zhong)和,成(cheng)為(wei)不(bu)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)分子,這個空(kong)氣(qi)混合過程,并不(bu)會(hui)發生雷電(dian)(dian)現象(xiang)。
只(zhi)有運動劇烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣團,才可能(neng)會導(dao)致帶著不同電(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣團迅速碰面,帶著的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)荷迅速中(zhong)和,帶電(dian)離(li)子中(zhong)和成空(kong)氣分子(這(zhe)個(ge)過程會放(fang)出(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re))。很(hen)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正電(dian)荷與負電(dian)荷碰面,會發生(sheng)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya),這(zhe)個(ge)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)會導(dao)致中(zhong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起著隔離(li)作用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣被擊穿(電(dian)離(li)),電(dian)離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣成為電(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao),很(hen)多正、負電(dian)荷經過這(zhe)個(ge)通(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao),迅速結合在一(yi)起,放(fang)出(chu)(chu)很(hen)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re),這(zhe)些(xie)熱(re)(re)(re)以電(dian)磁波(光)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式放(fang)出(chu)(chu),這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)閃電(dian)現象。這(zhe)些(xie)熱(re)(re)(re)量能(neng)夠加熱(re)(re)(re)通(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣,發生(sheng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)空(kong)氣爆炸現象,雷聲就(jiu)這(zhe)樣發生(sheng)了(le)。
空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)團劇烈的(de)(de)運動是(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)生雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)現(xian)象的(de)(de)一個條件,應該不是(shi)(shi)充分條件。發(fa)(fa)生雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)現(xian)象另一個重(zhong)要條件是(shi)(shi),空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)要有(you)一定的(de)(de)絕對(dui)濕(shi)度(du)。空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)含的(de)(de)水氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(小(xiao)水滴),對(dui)促進空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)被電(dian)(dian)離很有(you)幫助(zhu)。如(ru)果空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)水氣(qi)(qi)(qi)太少,同樣(yang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓不足以(yi)電(dian)(dian)離帶(dai)著正(zheng)、負(fu)電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)團之間的(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),照樣(yang)發(fa)(fa)生不了(le)雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)現(xian)象。這就是(shi)(shi)陰雨天(tian)簡單發(fa)(fa)生雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)現(xian)象的(de)(de)原(yuan)因,因為陰雨天(tian)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)絕對(dui)濕(shi)度(du)大。
北方冬天降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)過程中,很少出現雷電現象,原因(yin)是氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)低,導致空氣(qi)(qi)中含的水(shui)(shui)汽少,至少沒有夏季降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)過程中空氣(qi)(qi)含的水(shui)(shui)氣(qi)(qi)多。原因(yin)二,空氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)度低,分(fen)子運動速度慢,空氣(qi)(qi)中發生(sheng)的獨立(li)電荷散(san)布密度相(xiang)對(dui)少。也可能(neng)是溫(wen)度低,空氣(qi)(qi)分(fen)子相(xiang)同的碰撞,相(xiang)對(dui)不簡單碰撞出獨立(li)電荷。
估計,在(zai)相(xiang)同前提條件(jian)下(xia),空氣運(yun)動越(yue)(yue)劇(ju)烈,單位(wei)體(ti)(ti)積空氣發(fa)(fa)生的(de)雷電(dian)現(xian)象就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)。在(zai)相(xiang)同前提條件(jian)下(xia),空氣含的(de)水汽越(yue)(yue)多,單位(wei)體(ti)(ti)積空氣,發(fa)(fa)生的(de)雷電(dian)現(xian)象就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)。在(zai)相(xiang)同前提條件(jian)下(xia),發(fa)(fa)生雷電(dian)現(xian)象的(de)空氣區(qu)域,空氣密度越(yue)(yue)大,單位(wei)體(ti)(ti)積空氣,發(fa)(fa)生的(de)雷電(dian)現(xian)象就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)頻(pin)(pin)(pin),雷電(dian)的(de)強(qiang)度可能也(ye)會越(yue)(yue)大。
雷電(dian)(dian)現象(xiang)絕大部(bu)分都(dou)是在(zai)高空(kong)發(fa)(fa)生,是高空(kong)的空(kong)氣(qi)團彼此放電(dian)(dian),對地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)沒(mei)有什么影響。極少(shao)數雷電(dian)(dian),發(fa)(fa)生在(zai)空(kong)氣(qi)團與地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)物體(ti)(ti)之間,有時會發(fa)(fa)生危害(hai)。較高的地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)物體(ti)(ti)是發(fa)(fa)生或誘發(fa)(fa)空(kong)氣(qi)團與地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)物體(ti)(ti)放電(dian)(dian)的重要原因。如果削減這(zhe)類(lei)高物體(ti)(ti),空(kong)氣(qi)團與地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)物體(ti)(ti)放電(dian)(dian)的概率(lv)會削減一些。避(bi)雷針(zhen)雖然能夠(gou)進(jin)步(bu)空(kong)氣(qi)團與地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)物體(ti)(ti)放電(dian)(dian)的概率(lv),可是經過避(bi)雷針(zhen)放電(dian)(dian),對地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)物體(ti)(ti)基本沒(mei)有危害(hai)。
現在的(de)(de)(de)問題是(shi)雷(lei)(lei)電為何簡(jian)單在高空(kong)發生(sheng),原因很簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)嘛,因為低空(kong)空(kong)氣(qi)簡(jian)單與地(di)(di)上(shang)或(huo)各種地(di)(di)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)突起物質觸(chu)(chu)(chu)摸,低空(kong)空(kong)氣(qi)帶著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)電荷(he)在觸(chu)(chu)(chu)摸過(guo)程中(zhong)就(jiu)被中(zhong)和掉了,因此,底(di)空(kong)空(kong)氣(qi)不簡(jian)單積累較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)電荷(he)。這(zhe)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)高山地(di)(di)區不簡(jian)單發生(sheng)雷(lei)(lei)電現象的(de)(de)(de)原因,各個山頭與空(kong)氣(qi)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)摸,中(zhong)和了其帶著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)電荷(he)。由此,我們就(jiu)能夠(gou)(gou)理(li)解所謂的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)雷(lei)(lei)原理(li)了,人們不僅能夠(gou)(gou)安裝避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)針(zhen)而避(bi)雷(lei)(lei),也(ye)(ye)能夠(gou)(gou)恰當(dang)消(xiao)(xiao)雷(lei)(lei),之前,筆者疑(yi)問怎樣消(xiao)(xiao)雷(lei)(lei),現在知(zhi)道(dao)了,我們也(ye)(ye)應該知(zhi)道(dao)了吧?就(jiu)是(shi)安裝許多(duo)直達高空(kong)的(de)(de)(de)鐵塔就(jiu)能夠(gou)(gou)起著(zhu)有效(xiao)消(xiao)(xiao)雷(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)作用了,或(huo)者放(fang)出一些(xie)帶著(zhu)能夠(gou)(gou)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)摸地(di)(di)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)細細的(de)(de)(de)導體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)高空(kong)氣(qi)球,類似于防空(kong)氣(qi)球,都(dou)能夠(gou)(gou)有效(xiao)消(xiao)(xiao)雷(lei)(lei)了。