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高速公路設備防雷,ETC等設備防雷

日期: 2022/6/27 18:43:59     瀏覽人數:

 一、雷電情況說明

1. 直擊雷

 直(zhi)擊(ji)雷是帶電(dian)云(雷云)與建筑物(wu)、其(qi)他物(wu)體、地球或(huo)防(fang)雷裝(zhuang)置之間的快速放電(dian)現(xian)象(xiang),伴隨著電(dian)效(xiao)應、熱效(xiao)應或(huo)機械力等(deng)一系列破(po)壞(huai)。

 直接雷擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要會(hui)直接損(sun)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)備和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設(she)備。數十(shi)甚(shen)至(zhi)一、二百千安的(de)(de)雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)具有巨(ju)大(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁效應、熱效應和機械效應。雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)過被擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物體(ti)形成(cheng)高范圍的(de)(de)沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓波,損(sun)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)備的(de)(de)絕緣(yuan);沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作用(yong)使被擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物體(ti)爆裂;沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)突然升高導(dao)(dao)線等金屬物體(ti)的(de)(de)溫度,導(dao)(dao)致熔斷(duan)爆裂;沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)熔斷(duan)損(sun)壞(huai)。

 為了有效(xiao)保護雷電和(he)生命財產安全,防雷專(zhuan)家(jia)將建筑(zhu)物分(fen)為三類,并根據(ju)其防雷安全的(de)重要性(xing)人工(gong)假(jia)設滾球(qiu)半(ban)徑。根據(ju)滾球(qiu)半(ban)徑法計算,除(chu)避雷針范(fan)圍外,保護設備的(de)雷擊風險較大(da)。

2. 感應雷

 靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)應(ying)雷(lei)是指當帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)積云靠近地面時,由于單個雷(lei)云帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)單極(ji)性,附近的(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)(shu)導(dao)體(ti)總(zong)是會(hui)(hui)感(gan)應(ying)到大量的(de)(de)(de)反極(ji)限制電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷。金屬(shu)(shu)導(dao)體(ti)遠離帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)積云會(hui)(hui)產生與雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)相同的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷,從(cong)而(er)在金屬(shu)(shu)導(dao)體(ti)和雷(lei)云之間產生高靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)),其電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)范圍可(ke)達(da)數(shu)萬至數(shu)十萬伏。這(zhe)種過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)通常會(hui)(hui)導(dao)致建筑(zhu)物內的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)線、接(jie)地不良的(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)(shu)導(dao)體(ti)和大型金屬(shu)(shu)設備的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian),從(cong)而(er)導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)、火(huo)災和爆炸,危(wei)及人(ren)身安(an)全(quan)或對供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統造成(cheng)危(wei)害。

 感(gan)應雷(lei)防護一般(ban)分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)保護和信號(hao)(hao)保護,電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)一級(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)二級(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)三級(ji)(ji)防雷(lei)。供電(dian)(dian)設(she)備配電(dian)(dian)箱通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)一級(ji)(ji)防雷(lei)保護,供電(dian)(dian)系統通過(guo)二級(ji)(ji)防雷(lei)裝置安裝在設(she)備前端(duan)。該設(she)備不需要三級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)防雷(lei)。信號(hao)(hao)防雷(lei)主要是電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)信號(hao)(hao)網(wang)絡的(de)二合一,以(yi)保護攝像設(she)備和測(ce)量設(she)備。

二是按照國家規范

(1)《建筑防(fang)雷設計規范》(2010版) GB50057-2010

(2)《電子計算機房設計規范》 GB50174-93

(3)《雷電電磁脈沖(chong)的防(fang)護(hu)》 IEC 6I312

(4)過電壓保護器(qi) IEC 61 ** 3

(5)《SPD 通訊網絡防雷(lei)器》 IEC 61 ** 4

(6)《低壓配電(dian)設計規范》 GB 50054-95

(7)《工業(ye)和民用電力(li)裝置過電壓(ya)保護(hu)設計規范》 ;G ** ** -83

(8)《電子(zi)設備雷擊保(bao)護導則》 GB 7450-87 

(9)《電氣(qi)裝置(zhi)安裝工(gong)程接地裝置(zhi)施工(gong)及驗(yan)收規范(fan)》 GB 50169-92

(10)《建筑防雷》 IEC 61024

(11)《建(jian)筑電子(zi)信息系統防雷(lei)技(ji)術規范》 GB50343-2012

三、現場分析


設(she)備是高速(su)(su)公路(lu)上的(de)智能監(jian)(jian)控測量(liang)設(she)備。感應設(she)備橫跨(kua)高速(su)(su)公路(lu)兩側。現場位于高速(su)(su)公路(lu)邊緣。一(yi)般(ban)環境相(xiang)對開放。周圍(wei)沒有高層建筑或專用防雷設(she)備。現場調(diao)查如下:控制箱、監(jian)(jian)控設(she)備和(he)傳感器需(xu)(xu)要直接防雷,監(jian)(jian)控設(she)備和(he)控制箱需(xu)(xu)要防雷。


避雷塔風格如下:


基礎圖片


 直擊雷防護

控制箱(xiang)和路面感應裝置的(de)直接防(fang)雷采用獨立的(de)避雷塔(ta),距離控制箱(xiang)3米,防(fang)止雷電感應。根據滾球半徑法(fa)和三種建筑的(de)標準,


hr避雷針高(gao)度(du)(du)為60h=設備高(gao)度(du)(du)為地(di)面,hx=1,

經計(ji)算rx=11米(mi)(mi)避(bi)雷(lei)塔在地面高(gao)度的保護(hu)半(ban)徑為26米(mi)(mi)。


 路面(mian)上的感應(ying)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)橫(heng)跨路面(mian),可(ke)以在避雷(lei)針的覆蓋范圍內(nei)最大限(xian)度(du)地(di)(di)(di)(di)保護設(she)備(bei)。避雷(lei)針塔(ta)安裝(zhuang)參考圖(tu)集《防雷(lei)接(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)國家建(jian)筑標準設(she)計圖(tu)集》D500-D502部分。避雷(lei)針塔(ta)不(bu)需要(yao)引線(xian),塔(ta)本(ben)身作(zuo)為(wei)導體(ti),引入(ru)接(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)裝(zhuang)置(zhi),接(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)根(gen)據現場情況,如果是砂(sha)材(cai)料,可(ke)以用(yong)扁鋼(gang)(gang)一端連接(jie)到塔(ta)底部,扁鋼(gang)(gang)另一端連接(jie)接(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)裝(zhuang)置(zhi),1.5米銅包鋼(gang)(gang)或(huo)角鋼(gang)(gang)進入(ru)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia),形成(cheng)10歐(ou)姆以下(xia)的接(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。

避雷針主要用于直(zhi)擊雷防護,避雷針和(he)絕緣墊層安裝(zhuang)在監控設備上,安裝(zhuang)高度為1.單球避雷針5米(mi),單球避雷針50平方米(mi)BV導線不(bu)與監控桿連接(jie),接(jie)地(di)材料(liao)采用銅包鋼(gang)降阻至10歐姆(mu)。示意圖如下:

遠處顯示屏的(de)防(fang)雷原理與監控桿(gan)相(xiang)同。它通過單(dan)球避雷針(zhen)與絕緣層和金屬支桿(gan)分開,通過引線和接地裝置連接。

感應雷防護

 感應(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)也被稱(cheng)為雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感應(ying)或感應(ying)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。它分(fen)(fen)為靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感應(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感應(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感應(ying)會在(zai)(zai)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)云附近(jin)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya),對低壓(ya)元(yuan)件造成破壞,并在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)部分(fen)(fen)安裝(zhuang)100KA一級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)防雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)器和(he)40KA二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)防雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)器,保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)部分(fen)(fen)的安全。安裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)攝(she)像頭(tou)(tou)前端RJ網絡二合一防雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)器,保護攝(she)像頭(tou)(tou)。

電源防雷器安裝示意圖


攝像頭前端的二合一防雷器


防雷接地

 避雷(lei)針塔的(de)接(jie)地(di)按照國標為10歐姆,可采用1.5米銅包鋼或(huo)(huo)角鋼由接(jie)地(di)模塊和降(jiang)阻劑(ji)組成,可挖(wa)長2米、寬(kuan)1米、深1米的(de)坑,或(huo)(huo)側挖(wa)寬(kuan)1米.5米,長1.5米深2米的(de)坑作為接(jie)地(di)系(xi)統(tong),示意圖如下:



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