(1)直(zhi)接雷(lei)(lei)損害(hai):是指雷(lei)(lei)電直(zhi)接擊于建(構)筑(zhu)物(wu)、其他物(wu)體(ti)、大(da)地或(huo)外部防雷(lei)(lei)裝置上(shang),它(ta)的(de)(de)高電壓和(he)大(da)電流發(fa)生的(de)(de)電磁效應、熱效應和(he)機(ji)械效應會造(zao)成許多(duo)損害(hai)。如使房屋倒(dao)塌、煙囪(cong)崩毀,引起(qi)森林起(qi)火、油庫(ku)、火藥庫(ku)爆炸(zha),造(zao)成飛(fei)機(ji)事故(gu)、戶(hu)外的(de)(de)人(ren)畜(chu)傷亡(wang)等。直(zhi)擊雷(lei)(lei)幾率小損害(hai)大(da)。
(2)雷(lei)電(dian)的靜(jing)電(dian)感(gan)應損害:是指雷(lei)雨云(yun)閃電(dian)時的強(qiang)壯(zhuang)脈沖(chong)電(dian)流使云(yun)中電(dian)荷和地(di)(di)面中和,從而引(yin)(yin)起(qi)靜(jing)電(dian)場(chang)的強(qiang)烈變化,導致附近(jin)導體上感(gan)應出(chu)很多的電(dian)荷,如不就近(jin)泄如地(di)(di)中,就會發(fa)(fa)生高的電(dian)位,使導體發(fa)(fa)生火(huo)花引(yin)(yin)起(qi)火(huo)災爆炸(zha),或者是因為(wei)雷(lei)電(dian)流引(yin)(yin)起(qi)的跨(kua)步電(dian)壓導致人畜(chu)傷亡(wang)。
(3)雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感應:是指(zhi)雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在50-100微妙時間(jian)內,從零(ling)安(an)(an)培(pei)變化(hua)到幾(ji)十安(an)(an)培(pei),再由幾(ji)十安(an)(an)培(pei)變化(hua)到零(ling)安(an)(an)培(pei),在其周圍(wei)發(fa)生瞬變的(de)強電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)場。當被保護(hu)物間(jian)隔雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)教近(jin)時,首要(yao)受(shou)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)感應的(de)影(ying)響(xiang),間(jian)隔雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)較遠時,首要(yao)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)輻射的(de)影(ying)響(xiang),輕則干擾信號線、天線等無線電(dian)(dian)(dian)通訊,重則 損壞儀器設備。
(4)雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波(bo)侵入損(sun)害:是指(zhi)雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源線、信號線及金(jin)屬(shu)管(guan)道后,以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波(bo)的(de)形式竄(cuan)入室內,危及人身安全或損(sun)壞(huai)設備。